Rousseau and the Critique against Enlightenment: Reflections on Civilization, Human Nature, Reason, and Freedom

Abstract

Rousseau opposes Enlightenment thought's absolutisation of reason and its disregard for nature. According to him, reason alone is not a sufficient criterion for organising human life; emotions, instincts and harmony with nature should also be among the basic components of human life. According to Rousseau, the rationalist approach of the Enlightenment alienates the individual from his inner nature. The development of civilisation, far from increasing the freedom of individuals, has made them selfish and deepened class inequalities.

This article examines Jean-Jacques Rousseau's criticisms of Enlightenment thought in the context of society, civilisation, freedom and education. Rousseau opposed the Enlightenment's ideals of reason and progress, arguing that civilisation corrupted human nature and fostered inequality. This study evaluates Rousseau's political philosophy, understanding of freedom and educational approaches based on his works such as The Social Contract and Emile.